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<title>Register of Copyrights</title>

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Register of Copyrights

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</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;">Register of Copyrights</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px var( --border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1 ); line-height:1.4em;"><div style="display:inline;font-weight:bold;">Incumbent Vacant </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="United_States_Copyright_Office" title="United States Copyright Office">United States Copyright Office</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Librarian_of_Congress" title="Librarian of Congress">Librarian of Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Constituting instrument</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Title_17_of_the_United_States_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Title 17 of the United States Code">17 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/17/701">§ 701</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inaugural holder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Thorvald_Solberg" title="Thorvald Solberg">Thorvald Solberg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data">1897</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Salary</th><td class="infobox-data">governed by <a href="Title_5_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 5 of the United States Code">5 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/5/5314">§ 5314</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://copyright.gov">copyright.gov</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

The Register of Copyrights is the director of the <a href="United_States_Copyright_Office" title="United States Copyright Office">United States Copyright Office</a> within the <a href="Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, as provided by <a href="Title_17_of_the_United_States_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Title 17 of the United States Code">17 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/17/701">§ 701</a>. The Office has been headed by a Register since 1897. The Register is appointed by, and responsible to, the <a href="Librarian_of_Congress" title="Librarian of Congress">Librarian of Congress</a>, with the Register's office located in the Library's <a href="James_Madison_Memorial_Building" title="James Madison Memorial Building">James Madison Memorial Building</a>.

Although the title suggests a clerical role, Registers of Copyrights have been responsible for creating the procedures and practices of the Copyright Office and establishing standards for <a href="Copyright_registration" title="Copyright registration">registration of copyright</a>. They have increasingly been responsible for setting or influencing United States copyright policy. Today the Register is responsible for administering rulemaking procedures and producing authoritative interpretations of some aspects of U.S. copyright law, as well as advising the Librarian of Congress on the triennial proceeding on exceptions to the <a href="Anticircumvention" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticircumvention">anticircumvention</a> rules of the <a href="Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">Digital Millennium Copyright Act</a>. The Register also routinely testifies before <a href="United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> on copyright policy matters.

As of May 2025, the position is vacant.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> It was recently held by <a href="Shira_Perlmutter" title="Shira Perlmutter">Shira Perlmutter</a>, who took office October 25, 2020.<a href="#cite_note-NewsNet857-2">[2]</a> Perlmutter has filed a lawsuit against unauthorized firing by the president because the chain of command for the position rests only with the Librarian of Congress (who is authorized to appoint the registrar to a maximum term of ten years). Although the Senate never voted to make a change regarding this, in April 2017, the House of Representatives had voted to propose changing the Register of Copyrights to a position that is filled by presidential appointment with Senate confirmation. That never was voted upon by the Senate, so the existing policy remains as has been in place since the establishment of the Copyright Office.<a href="#cite_note-ars-appointment-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-bandc-rocbill-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_registers_of_copyrights">List of registers of copyrights</h2></div>

The following persons have served as the register of copyrights:<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>

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<th class="unsortable">Image

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<th>Registers

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<th>Start of term

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<th>End of term

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<th>Length of term

</th>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td align="center">1

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td><a href="Thorvald_Solberg" title="Thorvald Solberg">Thorvald Solberg</a>

</td>

<td>July 1, 1897

</td>

<td>April 21, 1930

</td>

<td>11,961 days

</td>

</td></tr>

<td align="center">Acting

</td>

</td>

<td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff"><a href="William_Lincoln_Brown" title="William Lincoln Brown">William Lincoln Brown</a>

</td>

<td>April 22, 1930

</td>

<td>June 4, 1934

</td>

<td>1,505 days

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="center">2

</td>

<td>June 4, 1934

</td>

<td>July 1, 1936

</td>

<td>759 days

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="center" data-sort-value="3a">3

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td><a href="Clement_Lincoln_Bouv%C3%A9" title="Clement Lincoln Bouvé">Clement Lincoln Bouvé</a>

</td>

<td>August 1, 1936

</td>

<td>December 31, 1943

</td>

<td>2,699 days

</td>

</td></tr>

<td align="center" data-sort-value="3b">Acting

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td><a href="Richard_Crosby_De_Wolf" title="Richard Crosby De Wolf">Richard Crosby De Wolf</a>

</td>

<td>January 1, 1944

</td>

<td>February 1, 1945

</td>

<td>398 days

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="center" data-sort-value="4a">4

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td><a href="Sam_Bass_Warner" title="Sam Bass Warner">Sam Bass Warner</a>

</td>

<td>February 1, 1945

</td>

<td>May 28, 1951

</td>

<td>2,308 days

</td>

</td></tr>

<td align="center" data-sort-value="4b">Acting

</td>

</td>

<td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff">Arthur Fisher

</td>

<td>May 28, 1951

</td>

<td>September 12, 1951

</td>

<td>108 days

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="center">5

</td>

<td>September 12, 1951

</td>

<td>November 12, 1960<a href="#cite_note-died-13">[a]</a>

</td>

<td>3,350 days

</td>

</td></tr>

<td align="center">Acting

</td>

</td>

<td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff"><a href="Abraham_L._Kaminstein" title="Abraham L. Kaminstein">Abraham L. Kaminstein</a>

</td>

<td>November 13, 1960

</td>

<td>December 23, 1960

</td>

<td>41 days

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="center">6

</td>

<td>December 24, 1960

</td>

<td>August 31, 1971

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<td>3,903 days

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="center" data-sort-value="7a">7

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>George D. Cary

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<td>September 1, 1971

</td>

<td>March 9, 1973

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<td>556 days

</td>

</td></tr>

<td align="center" data-sort-value="7b">Acting

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>Abe Goldman

</td>

<td>March 10, 1973

</td>

<td>November 19, 1973

</td>

<td>255 days

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="center" data-sort-value="8">8

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td><a href="Barbara_Ringer" title="Barbara Ringer">Barbara Ringer</a><a href="#cite_note-First_female-19">[b]</a>

</td>

<td>November 19, 1973

</td>

<td>May 30, 1980

</td>

<td>2,385 days

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="center" data-sort-value="9a">9

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td><a href="David_Ladd_(attorney)" title="David Ladd (attorney)">David Ladd</a>

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<td>June 2, 1980

</td>

<td>January 2, 1985

</td>

<td>1,676 days

</td>

</td></tr>

<td align="center" data-sort-value="9b">Acting

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>Donald Curran

</td>

<td>January 3, 1985

</td>

<td>September 10, 1985

</td>

<td>251 days

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="center" data-sort-value="10a">10

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td><a href="Ralph_Oman" title="Ralph Oman">Ralph Oman</a>

</td>

<td>September 23, 1985

</td>

<td>January 8, 1994

</td>

<td>3,031 days

</td>

</td></tr>

<td align="center" data-sort-value="10b">Acting

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td><a href="Barbara_Ringer" title="Barbara Ringer">Barbara Ringer</a>

</td>

<td>November 27, 1993

</td>

<td>August 6, 1994

</td>

<td>253 days

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="center" data-sort-value="11">11

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td><a href="Marybeth_Peters" title="Marybeth Peters">Marybeth Peters</a>

</td>

<td>August 7, 1994

</td>

<td>December 31, 2010

</td>

<td>5,991 days

</td>

</td></tr>

<td align="center" data-sort-value="11a">Acting

</td>

</td>

<td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff"><a href="Maria_Pallante" title="Maria Pallante">Maria Pallante</a>

</td>

<td>January 1, 2011

</td>

<td>May 31, 2011

</td>

<td>151 days

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="center" data-sort-value="12a">12

</td>

<td>June 1, 2011

</td>

<td>October 21, 2016

</td>

<td>1,970 days

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<td align="center" data-sort-value="12b">Acting

</td>

</td>

<td rowspan="2" bgcolor="#ffffff"><a href="Karyn_Temple" title="Karyn Temple">Karyn Temple</a>

</td>

<td>October 21, 2016

</td>

<td>March 26, 2019

</td>

<td>887 days

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="center" data-sort-value="13a">13

</td>

<td>March 27, 2019

</td>

<td>January 4, 2020

</td>

<td>284 days

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<td align="center" data-sort-value="13b">Acting

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td><a href="Maria_Strong_(attorney)" title="Maria Strong (attorney)">Maria Strong</a>

</td>

<td>January 5, 2020

</td>

<td>October 24, 2020

</td>

<td>294 days

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td align="center" data-sort-value="14">14

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td><a href="Shira_Perlmutter" title="Shira Perlmutter">Shira Perlmutter</a>

</td>

<td>October 25, 2020

</td>

</td>

<td>1,807 days

</td>

</td></tr>

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Table notes:

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<li id="cite_note-died-13"><a href="#cite_ref-died_13-0">^</a> Died in office

</li>

<li id="cite_note-First_female-19"><a href="#cite_ref-First_female_19-0">^</a> First female Register. Ringer brought a sex discrimination suit that resulted in her being named to the position.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Disputed-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Disputed_29-0">^</a> Legality of Perlmutter's dismissal by president is disputed

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFTully-McManus2025" class="citation web cs1">Tully-McManus, Katherine (May 10, 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/2025/05/10/trump-u-s-copyright-official-00340306">"Trump fires top US copyright official"</a>. POLITICO. Retrieved May 11, 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-NewsNet857-2"><a href="#cite_ref-NewsNet857_2-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/newsnet/2020/857.html">"U.S. Copyright Office Welcomes New Register"</a>. Copyright Office NewsNet. No. 857. U.S. Copyright Office. October 26, 2020. Retrieved October 26, 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ars-appointment-3"><a href="#cite_ref-ars-appointment_3-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2017/04/congress-may-make-the-us-register-of-copyrights-a-presidential-appointment/">"Big content cheers as Congress votes on changes to US Copyright Office"</a>. Ars Technica. April 26, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-bandc-rocbill-4"><a href="#cite_ref-bandc-rocbill_4-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.broadcastingcable.com/news/washington/house-passes-copyright-office-reform-bill/165314">"House Passes Copyright Office Reform Bill"</a>. Broadcasting & Cable. April 26, 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/1695/all-actions">https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/1695/all-actions</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/about/registers/">"Registers of Copyrights"</a>. U.S. Copyright Office.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/about/registers/solberg/solberg.html">"Thorvald Solberg, 1897-1930"</a>. U.S. Copyright Office.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/about/registers/brown/brown.html">"William Lincoln Brown, 1934–1936; Acting, 1930–1934"</a>. U.S. Copyright Office.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/about/registers/bouve/bouve.html">"Clement Lincoln Bouvé, 1936-1943"</a>. U.S. Copyright Office.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/about/registers/dewolf/act_dewolf.html">"Richard Crosby De Wolf, Acting, 1944-1945"</a>. U.S. Copyright Office.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/about/registers/warner/warner.html">"Sam Bass Warner, 1945-1951"</a>. U.S. Copyright Office.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/about/registers/fisher/fisher.html">"Arthur Fisher, 1951-1960; Acting, May 1951-September 1951"</a>. U.S. Copyright Office.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPatry1994" class="citation book cs1">Patry, William F. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mw5a7mL8XYAC&pg=PA1212">Copyright Law and Practice</a>. Greenwood Press. p. 1212. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-87179-855-8</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Patry1215-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Patry1215_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patry1215_15-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFPatry1994" class="citation book cs1">Patry, William F. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mw5a7mL8XYAC&pg=PA1215">Copyright Law and Practice</a>. Greenwood Press. p. 1215. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-87179-855-8</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/about/registers/kaminstein/kaminstein.html">"Abraham L. Kaminstein, 1960-1971; Acting, November 1960 – December 1960"</a>. U.S. Copyright Office.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/about/registers/cary/cary.html">"George D. Cary, 1971-1973"</a>. U.S. Copyright Office.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/about/registers/goldman/act_goldman.html">"Abe A. Goldman; Acting, 1973"</a>. U.S. Copyright Office.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/about/registers/ringer/ringer.html">"Barbara Ringer, 1973-1980; Acting, 1993-1994"</a>. U.S. Copyright Office.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ringer-21"><a href="#cite_ref-ringer_21-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHall2019" class="citation news cs1">Hall, Alison (November 19, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.loc.gov/copyright/2019/11/barbara-ringer-anniversary/">"Barbara Ringer: Beyond the ©"</a>. Copyright Creativity at Work. Library of Congress. Retrieved January 9, 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/about/registers/ladd/ladd.html">"David Ladd, 1980-1985"</a>. U.S. Copyright Office.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/about/registers/curran/act_curran.html">"Donald Curran; Acting, 1985"</a>. U.S. Copyright Office.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/about/registers/oman/oman.html">"Ralph Oman, 1985-1993"</a>. U.S. Copyright Office.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/about/registers/peters/peters.html">"Marybeth Peters, 1994-2010"</a>. U.S. Copyright Office.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/about/registers/pallante/pallante.html">"Maria A. Pallante, 2011–2016; Acting, January 2011 to June 2011"</a>. U.S. Copyright Office.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/about/registers/temple/temple.html">"Karyn A. Temple, 2019–2020; Acting, 2016-2019"</a>. U.S. Copyright Office.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/about/registers/strong/strong.html">"Maria Strong; Acting, 2020"</a>. U.S. Copyright Office.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/about/leadership/shira-perlmutter.html">"Shira Perlmutter"</a>. U.S. Copyright Office.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFTully-McManus2025" class="citation news cs1">Tully-McManus, Katherine (May 10, 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/2025/05/10/trump-u-s-copyright-official-00340306">"Trump fires top US copyright official"</a>. <a href="Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSmith2025" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Dylan (May 23, 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitalmusicnews.com/2025/05/23/shira-perlmutter-lawsuit/">"Fired Copyright Office Head Shira Perlmutter Sues Trump Administration Over 'Blatantly Unlawful' Dismissal"</a>. Digital Music News.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/statements.html">"Congressional Testimony by Register of Copyrights"</a>. United States Copyright Office. Retrieved August 30, 2008.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/about/registers/">"Registers of Copyrights"</a>. United States Copyright Office. Retrieved January 9, 2020.</cite></li>

<li>United States Code. <a href="Title_17_of_the_United_States_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Title 17 of the United States Code">17 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/17/701">§ 701</a>.</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Copyright_law_of_the_United_States736" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Copyright_law_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright law of the United States">Copyright law of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<li><a href="Copyright_Clause" title="Copyright Clause">Copyright Clause</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Copyright_Office" title="United States Copyright Office">United States Copyright Office</a>

<ul><li><a href="Compendium_of_U.S._Copyright_Office_Practices" title="Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices">Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices</a></li>

<li><a href="Copyright_Catalog" title="Copyright Catalog">Copyright Catalog</a></li>

<li><a href="Section_108_Study_Group" title="Section 108 Study Group">Section 108 Study Group</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Copyright_status_of_works_by_subnational_governments_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by subnational governments of the United States">Copyright status of works by subnational governments of the United States</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-1976</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Copyright_Act_of_1790" title="Copyright Act of 1790">Copyright Act of 1790</a></li>

<li><a href="Copyright_Act_of_1831" title="Copyright Act of 1831">Copyright Act of 1831</a></li>

<li><a href="Copyright_Act_of_1870" title="Copyright Act of 1870">Copyright Act of 1870</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Copyright_Act_of_1891" title="International Copyright Act of 1891">International Copyright Act of 1891</a></li>

<li><a href="Printing_Act_of_1895" title="Printing Act of 1895">Printing Act of 1895</a></li>

<li><a href="Copyright_Act_of_1909" title="Copyright Act of 1909">Copyright Act of 1909</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Copyright_Act_of_1976" title="Copyright Act of 1976">Copyright Act of 1976</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Berne_Convention_Implementation_Act_of_1988" title="Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988">Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Visual_Artists_Rights_Act" title="Visual Artists Rights Act">Visual Artists Rights Act</a> (1990)</li>

<li><a href="Copyright_Remedy_Clarification_Act" title="Copyright Remedy Clarification Act">Copyright Remedy Clarification Act</a> (1990)</li>

<li><a href="Copyright_Renewal_Act_of_1992" title="Copyright Renewal Act of 1992">Copyright Renewal Act of 1992</a></li>

<li><a href="Audio_Home_Recording_Act" title="Audio Home Recording Act">Audio Home Recording Act</a> (1992)</li>

<li><a href="Uruguay_Round_Agreements_Act" title="Uruguay Round Agreements Act">Uruguay Round Agreements Act</a> (1994)</li>

<li><a href="No_Electronic_Theft_Act" title="No Electronic Theft Act">No Electronic Theft Act</a> (1994)</li>

<li><a href="Copyright_Term_Extension_Act" title="Copyright Term Extension Act">Copyright Term Extension Act</a> (1998)</li>

<li><a href="Fairness_in_Music_Licensing_Act_of_1998" title="Fairness in Music Licensing Act of 1998">Fairness in Music Licensing Act of 1998</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">Digital Millennium Copyright Act</a> (1998)

<ul><li><a href="Online_Copyright_Infringement_Liability_Limitation_Act" title="Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act">Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act</a></li>

<li><a href="WIPO_Copyright_and_Performances_and_Phonograms_Treaties_Implementation_Act" title="WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act">WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Family_Entertainment_and_Copyright_Act" title="Family Entertainment and Copyright Act">Family Entertainment and Copyright Act</a> (2005)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Unlocking_Consumer_Choice_and_Wireless_Competition_Act" title="Unlocking Consumer Choice and Wireless Competition Act">Unlocking Consumer Choice and Wireless Competition Act</a> (2014)</li>

<li><a href="Music_Modernization_Act" title="Music Modernization Act">Music Modernization Act</a> (2018)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precedents and rulings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_copyright_case_law" title="List of United States Supreme Court copyright case law">Supreme Court</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Wheaton_v._Peters" title="Wheaton v. Peters">Wheaton v. Peters</a> (1834)</li>

<li><a href="Baker_v._Selden" title="Baker v. Selden">Baker v. Selden</a> (1879)</li>

<li><a href="Trade-Mark_Cases" title="Trade-Mark Cases">Trade-Mark Cases</a> (1879)</li>

<li><a href="Burrow-Giles_Lithographic_Co._v._Sarony" title="Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony">Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony</a> (1884)</li>

<li><a href="Banks_v._Manchester" title="Banks v. Manchester">Banks v. Manchester</a> (1888)</li>

<li><a href="Callaghan_v._Myers" title="Callaghan v. Myers">Callaghan v. Myers</a> (1888)</li>

<li><a href="Bobbs-Merrill_Co._v._Straus" title="Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus">Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus</a> (1908)</li>

<li><a href="White-Smith_Music_Publishing_Co._v._Apollo_Co." title="White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.">White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.</a> (1908)</li>

<li><a href="Williams_%26_Wilkins_Co._v._United_States" title="Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States">Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States</a> (1975)</li>

<li><a href="Sony_Corp._of_America_v._Universal_City_Studios%2C_Inc." title="Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.">Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.</a> (1984)</li>

<li><a href="Feist_Publications%2C_Inc.%2C_v._Rural_Telephone_Service_Co." title="Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co.">Feist v. Rural</a> (1991)</li>

<li><a href="Campbell_v._Acuff-Rose_Music%2C_Inc." title="Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.">Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.</a> (1994)</li>

<li><a href="Quality_King_Distributors_Inc.%2C_v._L'anza_Research_International_Inc." title="Quality King Distributors Inc., v. L'anza Research International Inc.">Quality King v. L'anza</a> (1998)</li>

<li><a href="Eldred_v._Ashcroft" title="Eldred v. Ashcroft">Eldred v. Ashcroft</a> (2003)</li>

<li><a href="MGM_Studios%2C_Inc._v._Grokster%2C_Ltd." title="MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.">MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.</a> (2005)</li>

<li><a href="Costco_Wholesale_Corp._v._Omega%2C_S._A." title="Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Omega, S. A.">Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Omega, S. A.</a> (2010)</li>

<li><a href="Golan_v._Holder" title="Golan v. Holder">Golan v. Holder</a> (2012)</li>

<li><a href="Kirtsaeng_v._John_Wiley_%26_Sons%2C_Inc." title="Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.">Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.</a> (2013)</li>

<li><a href="American_Broadcasting_Cos.%2C_Inc._v._Aereo%2C_Inc." title="American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc.">American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc.</a> (2014)</li>

<li><a href="Star_Athletica%2C_LLC_v._Varsity_Brands%2C_Inc." title="Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc.">Star Athletica v. Varsity Brands</a> (2017)</li>

<li><a href="Fourth_Estate_Public_Benefit_Corp._v._Wall-Street.com" title="Fourth Estate Public Benefit Corp. v. Wall-Street.com">Fourth Estate v. Wall-Street.com</a> (2019)</li>

<li><a href="Georgia_v._Public.Resource.Org%2C_Inc." title="Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.">Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.</a> (2020)</li>

<li><a href="Google_LLC_v._Oracle_America%2C_Inc." title="Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.">Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.</a> (2021)</li>

<li><a href="Andy_Warhol_Foundation_for_the_Visual_Arts%2C_Inc._v._Goldsmith" title="Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc. v. Goldsmith">Andy Warhol Foundation v. Goldsmith</a> (2023)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Appeals courts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Berlin_v._E.C._Publications%2C_Inc." title="Berlin v. E.C. Publications, Inc.">Berlin v. E.C. Publications, Inc.</a> (2d Cir. 1964)</li>

<li><a href="Roth_Greeting_Cards_v._United_Card_Co." title="Roth Greeting Cards v. United Card Co.">Roth Greeting Cards v. United Card Co.</a> (9th Cir. 1970)</li>

<li><a href="Eltra_Corp._v._Ringer" title="Eltra Corp. v. Ringer">Eltra Corp. v. Ringer</a> (4th Cir. 1978)</li>

<li><a href="Walt_Disney_Productions_v._Air_Pirates" title="Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates">Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates</a> (9th Cir. 1978)</li>

<li><a href="Midway_Manufacturing_Co._v._Artic_International%2C_Inc." title="Midway Manufacturing Co. v. Artic International, Inc.">Midway Manufacturing Co. v. Artic International, Inc.</a> (7th Cir. 1983)</li>

<li><a href="Apple_Computer%2C_Inc._v._Franklin_Computer_Corp." title="Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp.">Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp.</a> (3d Cir. 1983)</li>

<li><a href="Fisher_v._Dees" title="Fisher v. Dees">Fisher v. Dees</a> (9th Cir. 1986)</li>

<li><a href="Whelan_v._Jaslow" title="Whelan v. Jaslow">Whelan v. Jaslow</a> (3d Cir. 1986)</li>

<li><a href="Vault_Corp._v._Quaid_Software_Ltd." title="Vault Corp. v. Quaid Software Ltd.">Vault Corp. v. Quaid Software Ltd.</a> (5th Cir. 1988)</li>

<li><a href="Rogers_v._Koons" title="Rogers v. Koons">Rogers v. Koons</a> (2nd Cir. 1992)</li>

<li><a href="Computer_Associates_International%2C_Inc._v._Altai%2C_Inc." title="Computer Associates International, Inc. v. Altai, Inc.">Computer Associates International, Inc. v. Altai, Inc.</a> (2d Cir. 1992)</li>

<li><a href="American_Geophysical_Union_v._Texaco%2C_Inc." title="American Geophysical Union v. Texaco, Inc.">American Geophysical Union v. Texaco, Inc.</a> (2nd Cir. 1995)</li>

<li><a href="Dr._Seuss_Enters.%2C_L.P._v._Penguin_Books_USA%2C_Inc." title="Dr. Seuss Enters., L.P. v. Penguin Books USA, Inc.">Dr. Seuss Enters., L.P. v. Penguin Books USA, Inc.</a>(9th Cir. 1997)</li>

<li><a href="Itar-Tass_Russian_News_Agency_v._Russian_Kurier%2C_Inc." title="Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc.">Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc.</a> (2d Cir. 1998)</li>

<li><a href="Sony_Computer_Entertainment%2C_Inc._v._Connectix_Corp." title="Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc. v. Connectix Corp.">Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc. v. Connectix Corp.</a> (9th Cir. 2000)</li>

<li><a href="Nunez_v._Caribbean_Int'l_News_Corp." title="Nunez v. Caribbean Int'l News Corp.">Nunez v. Caribbean Int'l News Corp.</a> (1st Cir. 2000)</li>

<li><a href="A%26M_Records%2C_Inc._v._Napster%2C_Inc." title="A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.">A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.</a> (9th Cir. 2001)</li>

<li><a href="Veeck_v._Southern_Building_Code_Congress_Int'l" title="Veeck v. Southern Building Code Congress Int'l">Veeck v. Southern Building Code Congress Int'l</a> (5th Cir. 2002)</li>

<li><a href="Kelly_v._Arriba_Soft_Corp." title="Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corp.">Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corp.</a> (9th Cir. 2002 / 2003)</li>

<li><a href="In_re_Aimster_Copyright_Litigation" title="In re Aimster Copyright Litigation">In re Aimster Copyright Litigation</a> (7th Cir. 2003)</li>

<li><a href="NXIVM_Corp._v._Ross_Institute" title="NXIVM Corp. v. Ross Institute">NXIVM Corp. v. Ross Institute</a> (2d Cir. 2004)</li>

<li><a href="BMG_Music_v._Gonzalez" title="BMG Music v. Gonzalez">BMG Music v. Gonzalez</a> (7th Cir. 2005)</li>

<li><a href="Bill_Graham_Archives_v._Dorling_Kindersley%2C_Ltd." title="Bill Graham Archives v. Dorling Kindersley, Ltd.">Bill Graham Archives v. Dorling Kindersley, Ltd.</a> (2nd Cir. 2006)</li>

<li><a href="Blanch_v._Koons" title="Blanch v. Koons">Blanch v. Koons</a> (2nd Cir. 2006)</li>

<li><a href="Perfect_10%2C_Inc._v._Amazon.com%2C_Inc." title="Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.">Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.</a> (9th Cir. 2006)</li>

<li><a href="Cartoon_Network%2C_LP_v._CSC_Holdings%2C_Inc." title="Cartoon Network, LP v. CSC Holdings, Inc.">Cartoon Network, LP v. CSC Holdings, Inc.</a> (2nd Cir. 2008)</li>

<li><a href="Ahanchian_v._Xenon_Pictures%2C_Inc." title="Ahanchian v. Xenon Pictures, Inc.">Ahanchian v. Xenon Pictures, Inc.</a> (9th Cir. 2010)</li>

<li><a href="Penguin_Group_(USA)_Inc._v._American_Buddha" title="Penguin Group (USA) Inc. v. American Buddha">Penguin Group (USA) Inc. v. American Buddha</a> (2d Cir. 2011)</li>

<li><a href="Monge_v._Maya_Magazines%2C_Inc." title="Monge v. Maya Magazines, Inc.">Monge v. Maya Magazines, Inc.</a> (9th Cir. 2012)</li>

<li><a href="Viacom_International_Inc._v._YouTube%2C_Inc." title="Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.">Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.</a> (2d Cir. 2012)</li>

<li><a href="Seltzer_v._Green_Day%2C_Inc" title="Seltzer v. Green Day, Inc">Seltzer v. Green Day, Inc</a> (9th Cir. 2013)</li>

<li><a href="Authors_Guild%2C_Inc._v._Google%2C_Inc." title="Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.">Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.</a> (2d Cir. 2015)</li>

<li><a href="Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp." title="Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.">Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.</a> (9th Cir. 2015)</li>

<li><a href="Monkey_selfie_copyright_dispute" title="Monkey selfie copyright dispute">Naruto v. Slater</a> (9th Cir. 2018)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lower courts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Folsom_v._Marsh" title="Folsom v. Marsh">Folsom v. Marsh</a> (C.C.D. Mass. 1841)</li>

<li><a href="Elektra_Records_Co._v._Gem_Electronic_Distributors%2C_Inc." title="Elektra Records Co. v. Gem Electronic Distributors, Inc.">Elektra Records Co. v. Gem Electronic Distributors, Inc.</a> (E.D.N.Y. 1973)</li>

<li><a href="Broderbund_Software_Inc._v._Unison_World%2C_Inc." title="Broderbund Software Inc. v. Unison World, Inc.">Broderbund Software Inc. v. Unison World, Inc.</a> (N.D. Cal. 1986)</li>

<li><a href="Playboy_Enterprises%2C_Inc._v._Frena" title="Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Frena">Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Frena</a> (M.D. Fla. 1993)</li>

<li><a href="Bridgeman_Art_Library_v._Corel_Corp." title="Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.">Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.</a> (S.D.N.Y. 1999)</li>

<li><a href="RealNetworks%2C_Inc._v._Streambox%2C_Inc." title="RealNetworks, Inc. v. Streambox, Inc.">RealNetworks, Inc. v. Streambox, Inc.</a> (W.D. Wash. 2000)</li>

<li><a href="Mannion_v._Coors_Brewing_Co." title="Mannion v. Coors Brewing Co.">Mannion v. Coors Brewing Co.</a> (S.D.N.Y. 2005)</li>

<li><a href="Arista_Records_LLC_v._Lime_Group_LLC" title="Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC">Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC</a> (S.D.N.Y. 2010)</li>

<li><a href="Capitol_Records%2C_LLC_v._ReDigi_Inc." title="Capitol Records, LLC v. ReDigi Inc.">Capitol Records, LLC v. ReDigi Inc.</a> (S.D.N.Y. 2013)</li>

<li><a href="Equals_Three%2C_LLC_v._Jukin_Media%2C_Inc." title="Equals Three, LLC v. Jukin Media, Inc.">Equals Three, LLC v. Jukin Media, Inc.</a> (C.D. Cal. 2015)</li>

<li><a href="Hachette_v._Internet_Archive" title="Hachette v. Internet Archive">Hachette v. Internet Archive</a> (S.D.N.Y. 2023)</li>

<li><a href="Universal_Music_Group_v._Internet_Archive" title="Universal Music Group v. Internet Archive">Universal Music Group v. Internet Archive</a> (S.D.N.Y. 2023)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Berne_Convention" title="Berne Convention">Berne Convention</a></li>

<li><a href="Uruguay_Round" title="Uruguay Round">Uruguay Round</a></li>

<li><a href="Don't_Copy_That_Floppy" title="Don't Copy That Floppy">Don't Copy That Floppy</a></li>

<li><a href="Home_Recording_Rights_Coalition" title="Home Recording Rights Coalition">Home Recording Rights Coalition</a></li>

<li><a href="Nimmer_on_Copyright" title="Nimmer on Copyright">Nimmer on Copyright</a></li>

<li>"<a href="You_Wouldn't_Steal_a_Car" title="You Wouldn't Steal a Car">You Wouldn't Steal a Car</a>"</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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